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Postdoctoral Fellowships at Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics in Canada, 2018
The Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics is delighted to offer Postdoctoral Fellowships in Canada. Fellowship is available for Canadian students.
The Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics is a nationally supported research centre for studies in theoretical astrophysics including the origin and evolution of the universe, and the many other phenomena revealed by modern astronomy.
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Ducks
Ducks have several advantages over other poultry species, in particular their disease tolerance.
They are hardy, excellent foragers and easy to herd, particularly in wetlands where they tend to
flock together. In Asia, most duck production is closely associated with wetland rice farming,
particularly in the humid and subtropics. An added advantage is that ducks normally lay most of
their eggs within the three hours after sunrise (compared with five hours for chickens). This
makes it possible for ducks to freely range in the rice fields by day, while being confined by
night. A disadvantage of ducks (relative to other poultry), when kept in confinement and fed
balanced rations, is their high feed wastage, due to the shovel-shape of their bill. This makes
their use of feed less efficient and thus their meat and eggs more expensive than those of
chickens (Farrell, 1986). Duck feathers and feather down can also make an important
contribution to income.
Different breeds of ducks are usually grouped into three classes: meat or general purpose;
egg production; and ornamental.
Ornamental ducks are rarely found in the family poultry sector. Meat breeds include the
Pekin, Muscovy, Rouen and Aylesbury. Egg breeds include the brown Tsaiya of Taiwan
Province of China, the Patero Grade of the Philippines, the Indian Runner of Malaysia and the
Khaki Campbell of England. All these laying breed ducks originate from the green-headed
Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos platyrhynchos). The average egg production of the egg breeds is
approximately 70 percent (hen.day basis). The Indian Runner, Khaki Campbell, Pekin and
Muscovy are the most important breeds in rural poultry.
The Indian Runner
This is a very active breed, native to Asia, and ideal for free-range. It is a very good egg layer
and needs less water than most other breeds, requiring only a basin in which it can immerse its
beak up to the nostrils. It is the most graceful and elegant of all ducks on land with its upright
carriage and slim body. It stands at an angle of about 80 to the ground but when startled can be
almost perpendicular.
The Khaki Campbell
Originally bred in England, this breed is derived from three breeds: the wild Mallard, the Rouen
and the Indian Runner. The female has an overall khaki colour, and the male has a bronze-green
head. The female is best known for her prolific egg laying ability, with an average of 90 percent
(on a hen/day basis) with an average 73 gram egg weight.
The Pekin
Originally bred in China, this attractive meat breed is favoured by commercial producers
throughout the world. It is large and meaty with an upright stance and a broad round head. It has
white to lemon-yellow plumage and a yellow skin. It is hardy, a reasonable layer, and grows
rapidly. Although timid, it is docile and easily confined by low fences. It is well suited to both
large, specialized duck farms and smallholdings. Pekin ducks are the major meat duck breed in
Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea and China.
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